Yet Kotb’s understanding contradicts with the established practices of the Prophet Mohammad, who created the first real state in the Arabian peninsula by declaring the constitution of Medina, which stated:

然而Kotb的理解与先知穆罕默德的惯例是相抵触的。穆罕默德通过公布麦地那宪法在阿拉伯半岛建立了第一个真正的国家。麦地那宪法上是这样写的：

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

But to keep them there in the long term, the Iraqi government will need to amend the constitution in a way that appeases the Sunni community.

但是，要长久保持这些运气，伊拉克政府就需要修改宪法来安抚逊尼派社区。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 28.10.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 28.10.2010

To be sure, the EU’s lengthy internal crisis over the proposed constitution was a major distraction, and damaged the Union’s reputation in the Balkans.

当然我们应该看到，欧盟在拟议的宪法问题上漫长的内部危机严重分散了它的注意力并且破 坏了它在巴尔干地区的声誉。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 24.01.2011

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 24.01.2011

the charter, statutes or memorandum (including articles, if any) of the company or other instrument defining the constitution of the company;

公司的宪章、规程或章程大纲(包括章程细则(如有的话))或其他界定公司组织的文书；

http://www.legislation.gov.hk/eng/index.htm 22.10.2011

http://www.legislation.gov.hk/eng/index.htm 22.10.2011

While the mandate for an intergovernmental conference to develop a new treaty will create something less than a constitution, the coming treaty will go well beyond the present Treaty of Nice – provided things go according to what has been agreed.

尽管授权政府间会议制定一部新条约只是创立低于宪法的文件，但是，只要事情按各方同意的发展，新条约将会大大超越目前的尼斯条约。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

These leaders are less concerned with the reform agenda than with promoting patriotism among Japanese youth, upgrading the Defense Agency to a ministry, and enacting a law to permit a referendum to revise the pacifist constitution.

与改革计划相比，这些领导人更关心如何在日本青年中宣传爱国主义、如何将国防机构升级为国防部、以及如何制定法律允许公民投票修改和平主义宪法。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 23.12.2010

Today, those in France who opposed the EU constitution succeeded in stigmatizing “Europe” as the threat.

当今，在法国反对欧盟宪法的人成 功地将“欧洲”打上了威胁的烙印。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 29.10.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 29.10.2010

More important is that an almost equally large majority values the power to hire and fire their czar – in free elections held at regular intervals in line with the constitution.

更为重要的是几乎同样多数的人重视雇佣和解雇他们的沙皇的权力，也就是根据宪法在相隔一定的时间进行的自由选举中 行使这样的权力。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 11.01.2011

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 11.01.2011

While the AKP has moderated this authoritarian feature, it is difficult to democratize such a constitution fully, and official EU reports on Turkey’s prospects for accession repeatedly call for a new constitution, not merely an amended one.

尽管正义与发展党的执政缓和了这种独裁特色，但完全实现这样一部宪法的民主化也绝非易事，而欧盟关于土耳其入盟前景的官方报告则一再呼吁制定新的宪法，而不只是在原有宪法的基础上做些修修补补的工作。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 26.01.2011

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 26.01.2011

Since the final days of the Cold War, the US has been pushing Japan to rearm, and has officially supported a proposed revision of Article 9 of the postwar constitution, which bans Japan from having a military or waging war.

自冷战结束后，美国一直在推动日本重新建立军队，并且公开支持对禁止日本拥有军队或发动战争的战后宪法第九条进行修订。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 29.10.2010

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 29.10.2010

In April 1998, the new Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly and subsequently endorsed by a referendum.

1998年4月，国民议会通过新宪法，随后经公民投 票核可了该宪法。

© 2000-2011年版权

http://www.un.org/ 02.02.2011

© United Nations 2010

http://www.un.org/ 02.02.2011

As a result, the 1982 Constitution has weaker democratic origins than any in the EU.

这样做造成的结果是，1982年宪法的民主根基比其他任何欧盟国家都要脆弱。

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 26.01.2011

© Project Syndicate 1995 – 2011

http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 26.01.2011

This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution and for the purpose of ensuring correct enforcement of the Criminal Law, punishing crimes, protecting the people, safeguarding State and public security and maintaining socialist public order.

为了保证刑法的正确实施，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障国家安全和社会公共安全，维 护社会主义社会秩序，根据宪法，制定本法。

© 中国投资指南

http://www.fdi.gov.cn/index.htm 01.04.2011

© Invest in China

http://www.fdi.gov.cn/index.htm 01.04.2011