Your translations are too stiff and unnatural (so your teacher will probably love them!), but if you’re interested in REAL English:
1. Do you have any extra money/cash (on you)?
2. You sure spend a lot — what, do you have money to burn?
3. And this goes to show that once again, he’s right.
4. A lot of inconsequential characters figure in Russian literature.
5. In that group/In their company, he felt like the odd man out/a third wheel.
6. There’s no discounting the fact that/It bears mentioning that/Let’s not lose sight of the fact that he himself suggested/offered it.
7. He tends to use lots of unnecessary words. /He’s extremely verbose. /He tends to be wordy.
8. Do you (happen to) have an extra ticket? You wouldn’t (happen to) have an extra ticket, would you?
9. We want to talk about politics, but that might be a bit much/inappropriate at this point/at the moment.
10. Twenty people were involved in the conversation and everyone’s opinion mattered.
