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Igor Yurchenkoдобавил заметку 7 лет назад

заметка (en-en)

Some time ago I've been asked to give a list of Russian appeared or disappeared during the soviet era, and I've finally gathered enough courage to try to do it.

Some general theory at first. The creation and the collapse of the Soviet Union has been a greatest turmoils in lives of entire generations. Both times it caused tremendous changes in people's lives and those changes couldn't help being reflected in the language they speak. Both times the new ruling powers had to distance themselves from the old regime as far as possible, and again the language was used as a tool of destroying the old reality and creating a brand new one instead. Some words were describing something belonging to the previous era that had been wiped out of existence, so they were no longer needed, and others, though still had some use, were linked to the old ideology and had to go along with it, to be replaced by something new and neutral or having different ideology behind it.

One of the first things that had to go at the beginning of the Soviet era was the form of address. In imperial Russia there was a standard form of address "господин" ("gospodin") for males and "госпожа" ("gospoja") for females. Also there was a bit old-fasioned form "сударь" (sudar') and "сударыня" (sudarynya). Used as "Mr" and "Mrs/Miss" but the literal translation of the words would be "lord" and "lady". That was totally unacceptable. There was no place for lords and ladies in the Soviet Union. All people had to be equal whether they wanted it or not. So a new form of address came into being - infamous "товарищ" ("tovarisch") or "comrade". It was absolutely neutral (even gender-neutral, for it was used both for males and females). There was another form of address "гражданин/гражданка" - "citizen". It was used for someone, whom you didn't want to call "товарищ". For example a suspect in a court room would be addressed as "гражданин", for he did't deserve to be called "товарищ". Of course the word had to be changed again after the collapse of the Union, because of it's obvious ideological background. But the funny thing is that now a quarter of a century after the collapse of the Soviet Union we still have no single standard form of address equivalent to Mr or Mrs. Everybody uses whatever they like, or nothing at all.

Here are some words, that were created during the soviet era, and became obsolete nowadays:

комсомол (comsomol) - it's an abbreviation for "КОМмунистический СОюз МОЛодежи" (Communist youth union) - it was a youth organisation not really mandatory, but very advisable to be a member of.

колхоз (colkhoz) - "КОЛлективное ХОЗяйство" something like commonly owned farm. it was the main unit of agriculture in the Soviet times. They do not exist any more, but the word "колхозник" ("colkhoznik") - someone who works in колхоз, is still used to describe an illiterate and often dumb person from a rural area.

чекист (chekist) - from "ЧК" - "Чрезвычайная комиссия" - "Emergency Committee" - Soviet Security organization, that later became known as KGB. So чекист originally was an agent of ЧК, but later the word was used for all the people working for KGB. Nowadays it's sometime used for people working in ФСБ - Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation - the modern successor of KGB.

There were hundreds of words like this, emerging when the existing reality changed and disappearing when it changed once again. Well, that's the way every language goes, I guess.

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Обсуждение (24)

Xiaoqing Heдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Every time your post appears, I devour it... thank you Igor!

Xiaoqing Heдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Btw the title of the book in picture is kinda ... funny haha

Xiaoqing Heдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Putting modesty aside, I was among the very first to enter the Chinese Komsomol ('Young and Pioneers', the tradition survives and thrives...) ^_*

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

You're welcome, Xiaoqing . I also loved the name of the book. I would like to read it, but it seems to be not that easy to find.
Of course the tradition survives. I'm sure there's something similar on Cuba, in Venezuela an other places. I think there is something similar in Russia upheld by communist party, but it's nothing compared to its former glory

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Wow, Igor. I am just waking up and this has made my morning.Thank you so much. It was exactly what I wanted to know. Wow! I am really thankful for your post. Thank you so much for thinking about it and then again for willing to write about it. :-) Awesome post. Now, I have another question. Do not kill me, please. That is me and my crazy head, even if I am still waking up. :-) Yeah, it is this eagerness for more. My question is, if during soviet times were this tendency to everyone to be equal (it is reflected also in that post about women and men greeting each other) why a man from the rural area would be "dumb"?... Is this just for the "post soviet times? Is this tern was also used during soviet times? Wasn't education for all and a goal well achieved? And if it was well achieved why this didn't pass through both both systems? Ok, maybe I have asked too much. See, I have told you I have always liked the system ( I am a dreamer) but also it had to do the fact that one teacher

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

told us once...that compared to Cuba we were in diapers... so one mexican graduated from university will be like a 5th grade in Cuba. Even if the comparison is like hugeee.. I think Cuba does it right for education and all this comes back to you, I mean, to Russia and the system. ;-) I know, heavy topics, as always. Sorry, I can't help it. Anyway, thanks a lot for your post, it was great!♡♡♡

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Well, a good question indeed. as to education- one of the first (and really great) things the soviets did was so called "Ликбез" ("ЛИКвидация БЕЗграмотности") - "Erradication of illiteracy". It was like a full frontal assault on illiterasy all through the great country. Educational programs were standardised in every part of the Union. That's the reason why most of Kazakh or Kyrgyz people still speak perfect Russian, better than some Rusians, really. Also I've heard that that eliminated most of the local accents - I belive that in England (and I'm not talking about GB even) there are more versions of English, than there are versions of Russian all across Russia.
The other thing they did was creating a lot of educational classes for adults, starting from basic things like reading and writing and up to like astronomy to broaden the horizons.
But still, Russia was (and still is) tremendously big. That's both oor strongest advantage and the mist crippling disadvantage.

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

the situation across the country was very uneven. first of all economically. I mean the wages were the same all acros the country. exept the regions where they paid extra to attract people there, like far north and so on. The salary of a teacher was the same in Moscow and in some obscure village. but in Moscow there were more ways to spend your money. because clothes and stuff were hard to come by. so a good teacher was more likely to end up in a big city, than in a country school. So people everywhere were taught the same stuff, but in cities they were taught better. then again all the science, all the universities were in big cities. Hence the stereotype that country folk were less educated. maybe not outright dumb, but less sophisticated than city dwellers.
nowadays tha gap is even greater. sad, but true.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Thank you so much, Igor.

Just a couple of questions. I just want to make sure I understand perfectly. I am sorry if I am too inquisitive. :-( Did good teachers end up in big cities because they passed tests to be in the cities?

Were the coldest places the ones who attracted people with higher salaries because people did not want to go there?

How did they do to "erase/delete" accents?

Thank you so much.

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

You're not too inquisitive, Marissa. The cat was too inquisitive, and it's dead. So if you're still alive - you're not inquisitive enough.
All education (even university and post-graduate) was free in the USSR. But there was a thing called "distribution" or something like this. That meant that after graduation you weren't looking for a job, but you were sent somewhere to work. It wasn't for life, but you had to work for severel years where they sent you "to pay for your education". Sudents sometimes were able to choose where to go. For example my grandparents after graduating in Sverdlovsk (it's called Ekaterinburg nowadays) asked to be sent to Vladivostok (far East, just across the sea from Japan) just because they've never been there. Of course students with better grades were more likely to choose where they go. and most would try to go to big cities.
this system was is also partly responsible for elemination of accents. because a teacher in school could be not lockal, but from any

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

other place. they were taught and they taught some "standard Russian" abd not its lockal variety.
The places with highest salaries salaries were the places where people were needed, but where the didn't want to go. Usually those were the places with harsh conditions, like cold north, or just places where a lot of people were needed for a short period of time - like to build a plant you need a thousand men, but to operate it you need only 500, so you bring another 500 only for construction period. At least i think it was like that.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Wow!

It is like I have imagined. I wish we would have something like that in Mexico. Places where people are sent to pay out for their education.

Is it free still, Igor? Education? In Mexico, it is free until universities but the process is dirty.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

In a way your grandparents experienced something like Eramus program but within Russia.;-)

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

The schools are free, but there are payd schools, which provide extra service for your buck. Almost all major universities have a limited number of free places, but you have to have good exam grades to get there.

Артемий Запеваловдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

I remember chatting with one Mexican engineer who wrote me that he had to work 480 hours for free as social service in his university because the education was free.

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

480 hours ammount to only 12 weeks. That's nothing, really.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Igor,

It is exactly like that in Mexico but Corruption spoils it all.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Артемий,

Actually, It doesn't matter if you to a public school or a private one. The social service is mandatory to all people who are about to get an university degree. It is a contribution in practice of all the knowledge you have got at the university, you do it for free because ou acase, Ire not graduated yet and also because it is an example of solidarity with the country. I went to a private university. I worked 240 hours in the Red Cross. I created some MKT videos for the Red Cross since I have a Communication Degree. I have not idea if they ever used those videos or not. The rest of 240 hours I worked in a Cable company, I think I have created a postcard for promoting new channes in the Cable company.

I wanted to finish, really.Some people get jobs from their Social Services and learn a great deal. In my case, I only made myself busy. People were busy with their own stuff, so they really did not care about me as a trainee. :-(

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Igor,

It is not much, but when you are studying and have a lot of school work, having to do your social service is time Consuming! :-(

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Oh, you have to do it while studying, Marissa? I thought that you had to do it after graduation.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

It is a requirement before "graduation". You could do it after studying.But then, you would postpone your degree. Also, I wrote that it was for universities to Aptemnň. I forgot to mention that it is also mandatory for people who do technical studies. Let's say, people who instead of a regular High School. They do a technical "High school".

Most of doctors, though, they do their social service after finishing universities.

Also, this Social service is mandatory for each Degree. Let's say I want to study psychology or History now. Even if I have already done 480 hours in my life. Since I am studying something new, I have to do another 480. I know it because my brother just finished another Bachelor Degree and he is doing his social service now.

P.S. only for technical studies and bachelors degree.

It is not for post-graduate studies. :-)

Igor Yurchenkoдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Still it sounds pretty nice. 480 hours is not that much to pay for your education. And if you choose this social service you may gain some valuable experience for your future job.

Marissa Zebaduaдобавил комментарий 7 лет назад

Yeah, but it is not really "to pay off" your education. As, I said before, you could have gone to private schools all your life, but you have to do your social service, anyway. Let's call a contribution to the country. Yes, sometimes you get lucky and learn a great deal. Sometimes, you do not. :-(

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