6) Civil Service -
7) Presidency -
8) Rotate -
9) Provide continuity -
10) Nominee -
11) Host -
12) Plenary session -
13) Take precedence -
14) Lose effect -
15) Sue -
16) Directive -
3) internal borders. 4) Schengen Agreement. 5) European Court of Justice (ECJ)
Supranational. 2) customs check.
They may only sue the government «vertically» for failing to implement a directive correctly.
The other main legal instrument of the EU, «directives», have direct effect, but only «vertically». Private citizens may not sue one another on the basis of EU directives, since these are meant to be addressed to the member state.
Both the provisions of the Treaties, and EU regulations are said to have "direct effect" horizontally.
EU law covers only member states themselves. Where a conflict arises between EU law and the law of a member state, EU law takes precedence, so that the law of a member state must lose effect.
Luxembourg City plays host to the Secretariat of the European Parliament as well as the European Court of Justice, the Court of First Instance and the European Court of Auditors.
The Parliament also has its second seat in the city. Strasbourg is the official seat of the European Parliament, meeting there for twelve week-long plenary sessions each year.
There is no official European capital, with institutions spread across a number of cities. However, Brussels is often considered the de facto capital as it hosts most of the primary institutions, including the Commission and the Council.